Jan Bartek – AncientPages.com – Charles Darwin’s landmark opus “On the Origin of the Species” ends with a beautiful summary of his theory of evolution: “There is a grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.” In fact, scientists now know that most species that have ever existed are extinct.

Credit: Adobe Stock – Kovalenko I

This extinction of species has, on the whole, been roughly balanced by the origination of new ones over Earth’s history, with a few major temporary imbalances scientists call mᴀss extinction events. Scientists have long believed that mᴀss extinctions create productive periods of species evolution, or “radiations,” a model called “creative destruction.”

Scientists affiliated with the Earth-Life Science Insтιтute (ELSI) at Tokyo Insтιтute of Technology used machine learning to examine the co-occurrence of fossil species and found that radiations and extinctions are rarely connected, and thus mᴀss extinctions likely rarely cause radiations of a comparable scale.

Creative destruction is central to classic concepts of evolution. It seems clear that there are periods in which many species suddenly disappear, and many new species suddenly appear. However, radiations of a comparable scale to the mᴀss extinctions, which this study, therefore, calls the mᴀss radiations, have received far less analysis than extinction events. This study compared the impacts of both extinction and radiation across the period for which fossils are available, the so-called Phanerozoic Eon.

The Phanerozoic (from the Greek meaning “apparent life”), represents the most recent ~ 550-million-year period of Earth’s total ~4.5 billion-year history, and is significant to palaeontologists: Before this period, most of the organisms that existed were microbes that didn’t easily form fossils, so the prior evolutionary record is hard to observe. The new study suggests creative destruction isn’t a good description of how species originated or went extinct during the Phanerozoic, and suggests that many of the most remarkable periods of evolutionary radiation occurred when life entered new evolutionary and ecological arenas, such as during the Cambrian explosion of animal diversity and the Carboniferous expansion of forest biomes.

Whether this is true for the previous ~ 3 billion years dominated by microbes is not known, as the scarcity of recorded information on such ancient diversity did not allow a similar analysis.

Palaeontologists have identified a handful of the most severe mᴀss extinction events in the Phanerozoic fossil record. These principally include the “Big Five” mᴀss extinctions, such as the end-Permian mᴀss extinction in which more than 70% of species are estimated to have gone extinct. Biologists have now suggested that we may now be entering a sixth mᴀss extinction, which they think is mainly caused by human activity, including hunting and land-use changes caused by the expansion of agriculture.

A commonly noted example of the previous “Big Five” mᴀss extinctions is the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction (usually abbreviated as “K-T,” using the German spelling of Cretaceous) which appears to have been caused when a meteor hit Earth ~65 million years ago, wiping out the non-avian dinosaurs. Observing the fossil record, scientists came to believe that mᴀss extinction events create especially productive radiations.

For example, in the K-T dinosaur-exterminating event, it has conventionally been supposed that the disaster created a wasteland, which allowed organisms like mammals to recolonise and “radiate,” allowing for the evolution of all manner of new mammal species, ultimately laying the foundation for the emergence of humans. In other words, if the K-T event of “creative destruction” had not occurred, perhaps we would not be here to discuss this question.

The team used a novel application of machine learning to examine the temporal co-occurrence of species in the Phanerozoic fossil record, examining over 1 million entries in a mᴀssive, curated public database including almost 200,000 species.

Lead author Dr. Hoyal Cuthill said, “Some of the most challenging aspects of understanding the history of life are the enormous timescales and numbers of species involved. New applications of machine learning can help by allowing us to visualise this information in a human-readable form. This means we can, so to speak, hold a half-billion years of evolution in the palms of our hands and gain new insights from what we see.”

Using their objective methods, they found that the “big five” mᴀss extinction events previously identified by palaeontologists were picked up by the machine-learning methods as being among the top 5% of significant disruptions in which extinction outpaced radiation or vice versa, as were seven additional mᴀss extinctions, two combined mᴀss extinction-radiation events and 15 mᴀss radiations. Surprisingly, in contrast to previous narratives emphasising the importance of post-extinction radiations, this work found that the most comparable mᴀss radiations and extinctions were only rarely coupled in time, refuting the idea of a causal relationship between them.

Co-author Dr. Nicholas Guttenberg said, “The ecosystem is dynamic, you don’t necessarily have to chip an existing piece off to allow something new to appear.”

The team further found that radiations may, in fact, cause major changes to existing ecosystems, an idea the authors call “destructive creation.”

They found that, during the Phanerozoic Eon, on average, the species that made up an ecosystem at any one time are almost all gone by 19 million years later. But when mᴀss extinctions or radiations occur, this rate of turnover is much higher.

A study applies machine learning to the fossil record to visualise life’s history, showing the impacts of major evolutionary events. This shows the long-term evolutionary and ecological impacts of major events of extinction and speciation. Colours represent the geological periods from the Tonian, starting 1 billion years ago, in yellow, to the current Quaternary Period, shown in green. The red to blue colour transition marks the end-Permian mᴀss extinction, one of the most disruptive events in the fossil record. Credit: J. Hoyal Cuthill and N. Guttenberg.

This gives a new perspective on how the modern sixth extinction is occurring. The Quaternary period, which began 2.5 million years ago, had witnessed repeated climate upheavals, including dramatic alternations of glaciation, times when high-laтιтude locations on Earth, were ice-covered. This means that the present sixth extinction is eroding biodiversity that was already disrupted, and the authors suggest it will take at least 8 million years for it to revert to the long-term average of 19 million years.

Dr. Hoyal Cuthill says, “Each extinction that happens on our watch erases a species that may have existed for millions of years up to now, making it harder for the normal process of new species origination to replace what is being lost.”

The study was published in the journal Nature

Written by Jan Bartek – AncientPages.com Staff Writer