Conny Waters – AncientPages.com – An international team with the participation of the University of Bern provides new insights into how the inhabitants of the “oldest city in the world” in Çatalhöyük (Turkey) are buried their ᴅᴇᴀᴅ.

Their bones were partially painted, excavated several times, and reburied.

The findings provide insight into the burial rituals of a fascinating society that lived 9,000 years ago.

Skeleton of a male individual aged between 35 and 50 years old with cinnabar painting on the cranium. Credit: Marco Milell

Çatalhöyük (Central Anatolia, Turkey) is one of the most important archeological sites in the Near East, with an occupation that dates back to 9,000 years ago.

This Neolithic settlement, known as the world’s oldest city, covers an area of 13 ha and features densely aggregated mudbrick buildings.

The houses of Çatalhöyük present the archeological traces of ritual activities including intramural burials with some skeletons bearing traces of colorants, and wall paintings.

The ᴀssociation between the use of colorants and symbolic activities is documented among many past and present human societies.

See also:

Mysterious Ancient Site Of Çatalhöyük: Remains Of Early Structures May Shed More Light On Its Obscure Past

Figurines Unearthed At 9,000-Year-Old Çatalhöyük Site Symbolize Elderly Women, Not Goddess Cybele

Fascinating Neolithic Society Based On Equality – Catalhoyuk, Turkey

8000-Year-Old Prehistoric Çatalhöyük: Residents Were Buried In Their Homes

Çatalhöyük – 9,000 Years Ago: Overcrowding, Infectious Diseases, Violence And Environmental Problems Of Early Farmers

DNA Studies Of Inhabitants Of Prehistoric Çatalhöyük – One Of The Oldest Cities

In the Near East, the use of pigments in architectural and funerary contexts becomes especially frequent starting from the second half of the 9th and the 8th millennium BC.

Near Eastern archeological sites dating back to the Neolithic have returned a large body of evidence of complex, often mysterious, symbolic activities.

Detail of the cinnabar stripe on the cranium of the male individual. Credit: Marco Milella

These include secondary funerary treatments, retrieval and circulation of skeletal parts, such as skulls, and the use of pigments in both architectural spaces and funerary contexts.

A study recently published in the journal Scientific Reports by an international research team with Bern participation provides the first analysis of the pigments used in funerary and architectural contexts from this essential Neolithic site. According to the senior author of the study Marco Milella (Department of Physical Anthropology, Insтιтute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern):

“These results reveal exciting insights about the ᴀssociation between the use of colorants, funerary rituals and living spaces in this fascinating society”.

A time travel into a world of colors, houses, and ᴅᴇᴀᴅ

Marco Milella was part of the anthropological team who excavated and studied the human remains from Çatalhöyük. His work involves trying to make ancient and modern skeletons “speak”. Establishing the age and Sєx, investigating violent injuries or special treatment of the corpse, and solving skeletal puzzles are routine activities at the Department of Physical Anthropology.

Geometric wall painting in the building. Credit: Jason Quinlan/Çatalhöyük Research Project

The study shows that red ochre was most commonly used at Çatalhöyük, present on some adults of both Sєxes and children, and that cinnabar and blue/green were ᴀssociated with males and females, respectively. Intriguingly, the number of burials in a building appears ᴀssociated with the number of subsequent layers of architectural paintings. This suggests a contextual ᴀssociation between funerary deposition and the application of colorants in the domestic space.

“This means: when they buried someone, they also painted on the walls of the house”, Milella says. Furthermore, at Çatalhöyük, some individuals “stayed” in the community: their skeletal elements were retrieved and circulated for some time before they were buried again.

This second burial of skeletal elements was also accompanied by wall paintings.

Neolithic mysteries

Only a selection of individuals was buried with colorants, and only a part of the individuals remained in the community with their circulating bones.

According to Marco Milella, “the criteria guiding the selection of these individuals escape our understanding for now, which makes these findings even more interesting. Our study shows that this selection was not related to age or Sєx”. What is clear, however, is that visual expression, ritual performance, and symbolic ᴀssociations were elements of shared long-term socio-cultural practices in this Neolithic society.

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Written by Conny Waters – AncientPages.com Staff Writer