Ellen Lloyd – AncientPages.com – Louis XIV, known as Louis the Great or the Sun King (1638 – 1715), couldn’t stand bad table manners. The Sun King is today remembered as a royal who preferred art over politics. He was also a king who introduced complicated rules for doing anything, including dining.

Ancient Egyptians were familiar with table manners in 2,500 B.C. Credit: BasPH๏τo – Adobe Stock

Around 1669, King Louis the Great became the “first person in Europe to offer his guests a place setting with knives, forks, and spoons; he ordered the knives should have rounded ends to prevent injury should things turn ugly.” 1

Forks were still a new trend, and many were reluctant to use forks. “When the first forks appeared, they caused a sensation, but getting people to use them for eating was not easy. Not only were forks very expensive, but they were also disapproved by the Church, and people did not know how to use them.” 2

The Church argued God had created humans with fingers so they could touch and eat God’s food. People may have listened to the Church, but obviously, they didn’t pay much attention to these warnings. The Church’s disapproval did not stop people from producing gold and silver forks that wealthy families in Tuscany wanted to have at the dining table.

Left: PtahH๏τep on a palanquin, relief from his tomb. Werner-Forman Archive/Heritage-Images – Right: The Maxims of PtahH๏τep, Public Domain

Slowly, eating etiquette evolved in Europe. People washed their hands before dinner and stopped blowing their noses into their palms during the meal.

One would think table manners were introduced in Europe, but that’s wrong. Europeans suddenly felt they had “discovered” what should be considered proper manners at the table. However, these table manners and dining etiquette were introduced in Egypt in about 2,500 B.C.

“During the Fifth Dynasty (2,500 B.C. – 2,350 B.C.), Egyptian Vizier PtahH๏τep, occasionally known as PtahH๏τep I, PtahH๏τpe or Ptah-H๏τep, wrote several instructions based on his wisdom and experiences.

His precious text contains advice on how to live your life, and much of what he wrote is still highly relevant today.” 3

The first historical evidence of correct behavior can be traced to PtahH๏τep’s book The Instructions of PtahH๏τep.

Knowledge of our ancestors’ views of correct manners became evident with the discovery of the ancient Egyptian Prisse Papyrus. The text datable to the Middle Kingdom was found inside the coffin of Pharaoh Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef of the 17th Dynasty at Thebes.

Maat – Ancient Egypt’s Most Important Religious Concept – Read more

The papyrus document contains the last two pages of the Instructions of Kagemni, followed by the only complete surviving copy of the Instructions of PtahH๏τep.

The precious papyrus that predates the Bible by about 2,000 years now resides in the Paris antiquities collection.

One must admit that even from our modern perspective, it’s a fascinating ancient text that gives so much advice on behaving in ordinary situations.

“In the company of one’s superior, the book advises, “Laugh when he laughs.” It suggests overlooking one’s quiddities with a superior’s philosophy, “so thou shalt be very agreeable to his heart.” There are numerous references to the priceless wisdom of holding one’s tongue, first with a boss: “Let thy mind be deep and thy speech scanty,” then with a wife: “Be silent, for it is a better gift than flowers.” 4

Vizier PtahH๏τep was, in many ways, a man ahead of his time. When the Bible was written, his 2,500-year-old advice had been well circulated throughout the Nile delta of Egypt and the fertile crescent of Mesopotamia. Scholars who have studied the Bible have discovered strong echoes of The Instructions PtahH๏τep in the Holy Book. The Bible frequently mentions food in various contexts, and the vizier’s guidelines, especially in Proverbs, contain instructions on how to eat and prepare food.

To embrace the central concept of Egyptian wisdom, one must first understand the importance of the goddess Maat, which symbolizes cosmic order and social harmony.

Students of the Old Testament will find many themes reflecting Egyptian instructions written by PtahH๏τep, who covered all topics, including table manners.

Updated on January 5, 2024

Written by Ellen Lloyd – AncientPages.com

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