Angela Sutherland  – AncientPages.com – In the Old Testament, Ashurbanipal is mentioned in the Book of Ezra, 4:10 – “and the other people whom the great and honorable Ashurbanipal deported and settled in the city of Samaria and elsewhere in Trans-Euphrates.“

A contemporary bronze statue of Fred Parhad depicting Ashurbanipal. San Francisco, United States. Image credit: Almonroth – Public Domain

Considered the last great ruler of his country, Ashurbanipal, the King of ᴀssyria (669-631 BC), is famous for being one of the few ancient kings who could read and write.

During the Ashurbanipal’s reign, ᴀssyria flourished, which was attested by their military power and the country’s culture, arts, and magnificent palaces of Nineveh.

Ashurbanipal was the son of Esarhaddon (Esar-haddon), who reigned 681-669 BC, and grandson of Sennacherib, king of ᴀssyria (705/704–681 BC). His father’s eldest son, Sin-iddina-apla, would take over the power after him, but he died, so the next in line to take control was Ashurbanipal.

Selected as heir by his father in 672 BC, Ashurbanipal ascended the throne of ᴀssyria after his father’s death in 668 BC. At the same time, his brother, Shamash-shum-u-kin, became the king of Babylon, but he could not act independently, as the last word was that of Ashurbanipal.

Artist’s impression of a hall in an ᴀssyrian palace from The Monuments of Nineveh by Sir Austen Henry Layard, 1853. Sir Austen Henry Layard, 1853 – British Museum – Public Domain

At the time of Ashurbanipal’s coronation, ᴀssyria stretched from northern Egypt to Persia, but it was still much to do. For much of his early years of reign, Ashurbanipal spent fighting uprisings in Egypt, earlier conquered by his father Esarhaddon, who had finally brought parts of Egypt under ᴀssyrian control.

“Ashurbanipal would manage to expand upon it. Victories on the Arabian Peninsula, Phoenicia, and Palestine throughout Esarhaddon and Sennacherib’s reign had placed these territories firmly under ᴀssyrian control, and they made kingdoms further north, towards Anatolia, fearful, resulting in voluntary offers of friendship and tribute. Because these territories were so well fortified, Ashurbanipal could turn his attention to extending ᴀssyrian control further into Egypt. ” ¹

In 668 BC, Ashurbanipal defeated the Egyptian King Taharqa, and in 664-663 BC, the ᴀssyrians invaded Egypt again, as they took control over the significant Egyptian cities of Thebes and Memphis.

“ᴀssyria extended further than it ever had before…. ᴀssyria already controlled large tracts of land throughout Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Palestine, Syria, Arabia, and Egypt, putting considerable stress on its ability to manage and maintain its own territory.” ¹

Artist’s impression of ᴀssyrian palaces from The Monuments of Nineveh by Sir Austen Henry Layard, 1853. Image credit: Austen Henry Layard, British Museum. Public Domain

Now it was time to deal with ᴀssyria’s hostile neighbors, particularly the kingdoms of Urartu, Medes, Elam, and Babylonia. The most effective campaigns of Ashurbanipal were those against Elam, an ancient enemy of ᴀssyria, and against his brother, Shamash-shum-ukin.

At last, Elam was defeated. Its cities were destroyed in a series of campaigns in 665 BC and 647–646 BC. The people of Elam were killed, and the land was left barren and undefended.

Tired of being Ashurbanipal’s puppet king, Shamash-shum-ukin campaigned against his brother in 652 BC, having supporters among the Babylonians, Arameans, Elamites, and Arabs, but their help was not powerful enough. At the time, Ashurbanipal took control over Babylonia; his brother committed suicide.

Library – Gathered By Literate, Intelligent Ruler

Ashurbanipal is remembered as one of the most educated rulers in the Mesopotamian region. He was literate in Sumerian and old Akkadian scripts, which made him a remarkable historical figure with an uncommon gift among the rulers of his epoch.

The oldest surviving royal library in the world belongs to Ashurbanipal, King of ᴀssyria (668 – c. 630 BC). The first systematically collected and organized library in the Middle East, located at Nineveh, is undoubtedly Ashurbanipal’s outstanding achievement.

At the beginning of 1845 AD, British Museum archaeologists unearthed more than 30,000 clay tablets and their fragments at ᴀssyria’s capital, Nineveh (today – modern Kuyunjik).

The library’s systematically collected and organized material included tens of thousands of literary works in cuneiform tablets. Many of them were pre-scientific works, an ancient attempt to explain events in the world. Some others were even scientific.

The Banquet Scene _ Ashurbanipal and his wife Libbali-sharrat depicted dining in Nineveh. The severed head of Elamite King Teumman is hanging in a tree to the left, and his hand holding a royal wand is fixed in the tree to the right. British Museum. Source

The collection also included religious texts, and some tablets preserve the more complete versions of the poem of Gilgamesh recorded in the Sumerian and Akkadian languages. Thanks to Ashurbanipal’s library, the text of this poem managed to survive to the present day, and so did other literary works like Enuma Elish’s creation story, the myth of Adapa, the first man, and stories such as the Poor Man of Nippur.

The unearthed cuneiform writings were spread out into many rooms according to the subject matter. The tablets include hymns, prayers, chants, several thousands of treatises on geography, history, mathematical tables, medicine, grammar, Sumerian -Akkadian dictionaries on astronomy and astrology, and business documents involving contracts, sales, and loans.

Even folk tales are a part of the Ashurbanipal’s remarkable collection. All these works represent an enormous source of information about ᴀssyria and Mesopotamia’s history.

In addition, the ruler of ᴀssyria also promoted the artistic working of stone in architecture and sculpture.

In the introduction to his ‘Annals’ inscribed on his great ten-sided prism in the British Museum, he says: ‘I, Ashurbanipal, within it (i.e., the palace) understood the wisdom of Nebo, all the art of writing of every craftsman, of every kind, I made myself master of the mall (i.e., of the various kinds of writing’).

He was a very efficient ruler. While organizing his famous library, Ashurbanipal renovated Nineveh, ran the country, and participated in his well-organized military campaigns.

 Cuneiform synonym list tablet from the Library of Ashurbanipal. Neo-ᴀssyrian period (934 BC – 608 BC)  source

Looking at monumental depictions of Ashurbanipal, we see him busy with hunting, archery, and horse riding. Hard to say whether he had enough time for these activities or whether these depictions show his high qualities and capabilities as a ruler of the great empire.

The ᴀssyrian Empire was vast, and to use only the power of the army’s strategic tactics was not enough. Ashurbanipal knew it, so he used his other skills as a diplomat and scholar to succeed as ᴀssyria’s greatest ruler. Based on contemporary sources in the form of correspondence and Ashurbanipal’s autobiographical works, we know that he was an active ruler, engaged in his work, often dealing with questions considered significant for the empire. He participated in the appointments of prefects and governors and oversaw building of statehouses and other structures.

After Ashurbanipal’s reign, the ᴀssyrian kingdom started to decline. It was not because he was an inadequate or incompetent ruler. ᴀssyria was still a strong empire from the inside. However, it became weakened due to constant attacks from hostile neighbors. The kingdom had more enemies than friends or supporters.

At the time of his reign (669–627 BC), ᴀssyria spanned from the Caucasus Mountains (modern Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan) in the north to Nubia and Arabia in the south, and from the East Mediterranean, Libya, Egypt, Cyprus and Antioch in the west to Persia, Cissia, and the Caspian Sea in the east.

The ruler’s death remains a mystery. Shortly afterward, the ᴀssyrian Empire fell, and the great city of Nineveh was destroyed in 612 BC. Its ruins were lost to history for a very long time until the 1840s.

Written by – A. Sutherland  – AncientPages.com Senior Staff Writer

Updated on December 08, 2022

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