Data from ESA’s exoplanet mission Cheops has led to the surprising revelation that an ultra-H๏τ exoplanet that orbits its host star in less than a day is covered by reflective clouds of metal, making it the shiniest exoplanet ever found.

Aside from the Moon, the brightest object in our night sky is planet Venus, whose thick cloud layer reflects around 75% of the Sun’s light. By comparison, Earth only reflects around 30% of incoming sunlight.

Now for the first time, astronomers have found an exoplanet that can match Venus’ shininess: planet LTT9779 b. New detailed measurements by ESA’s Cheops mission reveal that this planet reflects a whopping 80% of the light shone on it by its host star.

Cheops’ high-precision measurements were a targeted follow-up from the planet’s initial discovery and characterisation in 2020 by NASA’s TESS mission and ground-based instruments such as the ESO HARPS instrument in Chile.

The exoplanet is around the size of Neptune, making it the largest “mirror” in the Universe that we know of today. The reason for its high reflectivity is that it is covered by metallic clouds. These are mostly made of silicate – the same stuff that sand and glᴀss are made of – mixed with metals like тιтanium.

“Imagine a burning world, close to its star, with heavy clouds of metals floating aloft, raining down тιтanium droplets,” says James Jenkins, astronomer at Diego Portales University and CATA (Santiago, Chile). James co-authored a scientific paper describing the new research, published in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics today.

A sky filled with clouds of metal

The fraction of light that an object reflects is called its ‘albedo’. Most planets have a low albedo, either because they have an atmosphere that absorbs a lot of light, or because their surface is dark or rough. Exceptions tend to be frozen ice-worlds, or planets like Venus which have a reflective cloud layer.

LTT9779 b’s high albedo came as a surprise because the planet’s side facing its star is estimated to be around 2000 °C. Any temperature above 100 °C is too H๏τ for clouds of water to form, but the temperature of this planet’s atmosphere should even be too H๏τ for clouds made of metal or glᴀss.

“It was really a puzzle, until we realised we should think about this cloud formation in the same way as condensation forming in a bathroom after a H๏τ shower,” notes Vivien Parmentier, researcher at the Observatory of Côte d’Azur (France) and co-author of this research. Vivien explains: “To steam up a bathroom you can either cool the air until water vapour condenses, or you can keep the H๏τ water running until clouds form because the air is so saturated with vapour that it simply can’t hold any more. Similarly, LTT9779 b can form metallic clouds despite being so H๏τ because the atmosphere is oversaturated with silicate and metal vapours.”

The planet that shouldn’t exist

Being shiny isn’t the only surprising thing about LTT9779 b. Its size and temperature make it a so-called ‘ultra-H๏τ Neptune’, but no other planets of this size and mᴀss have been found to orbit so close to their star. This means it lives in what’s known as the ‘H๏τ Neptune desert’.

The planet has a radius 4.7 times as big as Earth’s, and a year on LTT9779 b takes just 19 hours. All previously discovered planets that orbit their star in less than a day are either ‘H๏τ Jupiters’ – gas giants with a radius at least ten times larger than Earth’s – or rocky planets smaller than two Earth radii.

“It’s a planet that shouldn’t exist,” says Vivien. “We expect planets like this to have their atmosphere blown away by their star, leaving behind bare rock.”

First author Sergio Hoyer of the Marseille Astrophysics Laboratory comments: “’We believe these metal clouds help the planet to survive in the H๏τ Neptune desert. The clouds reflect light and stop the planet from getting too H๏τ and evaporating. Meanwhile, being highly metallic makes the planet and its atmosphere heavy and harder to blow away.”

This is an artist impression of exoplanet LTT9779b orbiting its host star. The planet is around the size of Neptune and reflects 80% of the light shone on it, making it the largest known “mirror” in the Universe. This shininess was discovered by detailed measurements made by ESA’s Cheops of the amount of light coming from the planet-star system. Because the planet reflects starlight back to us, the amount of light reaching Cheops’ instruments slightly decreased when the planet moved out of view behind its star. This small decrease could be measured thanks to the high precision of the detectors. Credit: ESA

Studying an exoplanet by looking when it’s hidden

To determine LTT9779 b’s properties, ESA’s exoplanet-characterising Cheops mission looked when the planet moved behind its host star. Because the planet reflects light, the star and planet combined send more light towards the space telescope right before the planet is out of view than right after. The difference in visible light received right before and after the planet is hidden tells you how much light the planet reflects.

This project relied on Cheops’ precision and 24/7 coverage. “Precisely measuring the tiny change in signal from the star eclipsing the planet was only possible with Cheops,” says Sergio.

ESA’s Cheops project scientist Maximilian Günther adds: “Cheops is the first ever space mission dedicated to the follow-up and characterisation of already known exoplanets. Unlike large survey missions focused on discovering new exoplanet systems, Cheops has enough flexibility to swiftly focus on interesting targets and can reach a coverage and precision that we often simply cannot get any other way.”

By looking at the same exoplanet with different instruments, we get the full picture. “LTT9779 b is an ideal target for follow-up with the exceptional capabilities of both the Hubble and James Webb space telescopes,” notes ESA science operations scientist Emily Rickman. “They will allow us to explore this exoplanet with a wider wavelength range including infrared and UV light to better understand the composition of its atmosphere.”

The future of exoplanet research is bright, as Cheops is the first of a trio of dedicated exoplanet missions. It will be joined by Plato in 2026, which will focus on Earth-like planets orbiting at a possibly life-supporting distance from their star. Ariel is set to join the fleet in 2029 and will specialise in studying exoplanet atmospheres.

Reference:

S. Hoyer et al, The extremely high albedo of LTT 9779 b revealed by CHEOPS, Astronomy & Astrophysics (2023). DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202346117