Conny Waters – AncientPages.com – The Boker Tachтιт archaeological excavation site, in Israel’s central Negev desert, holds clues to one of the most important events in human history: the spread of modern humans, Homo sapiens, from Africa into Eurasia, and the subsequent demise of Neanderthal populations in the region.
View of the Boker Tachтιт excavation site. Circled: a group of unearthed flint stone artifacts; Flint point representative of the Upper Paleolithic in Boker Tachтιт. PH๏τo: Clara Amit, Israel Antiquities Authority
Researchers from the Weizmann Insтιтute of Science and the Max Planck Society, led by Prof. Elisabetta Boaretto, together with Dr. Omry Barzilai of the Israel Antiquities Authority, returned to Boker Tachтιт nearly forty years after it was first excavated.
Using advanced sampling and dating methods, they offer a new chronological framework for this important chapter in our anthropological evolution, which suggests that Homo sapiens and Neanderthals were far from strangers.
According to the “recent African origin” theory, Homo sapiens originated in Africa as early as 270,000 years ago and at different times took either the northern route to Eurasia, pᴀssing through the Levant, or several possible southern routes to remote corners of Asia and even Oceania – reaching as far as Australia by land. Boker Tachтιт, located in the Wadi Zin basin, in what today is the Ein Avdat National Park, is considered a key site for tracing this migration. It is a major site in the Levant for documenting an important period in humankind’s prehistory: the transition from Middle to Upper Paleolithic – from a predominantly Neanderthal prehistorical culture to the beginning of modern humans’ reign.
This transition was marked by technological innovations such as blade production and the introduction of standardized tools made from bones and antlers.
Wadi Zin basin in the Ein Avdat National Park. Star indicating the location of Boker Tachтιт. Image source
American archaeologist Anthony Marks, who first excavated and published his analysis of Boker Tachтιт in the early 1980s, defines the site as a transitional industry from the Middle to the Upper Paleolithic and, based on a single radiocarbon date, concluded that it dates to 47,000 years ago. The problem was, however, that additional dates obtained from the site, some reaching as late as 34,000 years ago, made the timing of the transition very problematic.
“If we are to follow this timeline, then the transitional period could have lasted more than 10,000 years, and yet artifacts excavated from northern sites in Israel, Lebanon and even Turkey suggest that the transition occurred much faster,” says Boaretto, who heads D-REAMS (The Dangoor Research Accelerator Mᴀss Spectrometry Laboratory )at the Weizmann Insтιтute, which specializes in advanced archaeological dating methods.
“Marks managed to date only a few specimens from Boker Tachтιт, owing to the limitations of radiocarbon dating then, and the range of his proposed dates is not consistent with evidence gathered from other – old and new – excavation sites in the region,” Boaretto says. “Radiocarbon dating, the method that he used in his study, has evolved tremendously since his time.”
See also: More Archaeology News
To resolve these questions, the team performed advanced dating methods on specimens obtained from Boker Tachтιт during the new excavations that they performed in 2013–2015. These included the latest techniques, such as high-resolution radiocarbon dating of single charcoal pieces found at the site and optically stimulated luminescence dating of quartz sand grains, performed at the Weizmann Insтιтute and at the Max Planck Insтιтute, respectively. The researchers also integrated detailed studies of the sediments, using microarchaeological methods to understand how the site was formed physically, contributing necessary data for the construction of its chronological framework.
“We are now able to conclude with greater confidence that the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition was a rather fast-evolving event that began at Boker Tachтιт approximately 50-49,000 years ago and ended about 44,000 years ago,” says Boaretto. This dating allows for a certain overlap between the material transition that occurred at Boker Tachтιт and that of the Mediterranean woodland region (Lebanon, Turkey) between 49,000 and 46,000 years ago.
Still, it shows that Boker Tachтιт was the earliest site for this transition in the Levant, and that, based on the materials found, is a testimony to the last dispersal event of modern humans from Africa.
According to the new dating scheme, the early phase at Boker Tachтιт also overlaps with the locally previous, Middle Paleolithic culture in the region – that of the Neanderthals. “This goes to show that Neanderthals and Homo sapiens in the Negev coexisted and most likely interacted with one another, resulting in not only genetic interbreeding, as is postulated by the ‘recent African origin’ theory, but also in cultural exchange,” Boaretto and Barzilai conclude.
Paper
Written by Conny Waters – AncientPages.com Staff Writer
