Ellen Lloyd – AncientPages.com – It is often said the conquerors write history, which may be true in the case of King Penda.

The early history of the ancient kingdom of Mercia is difficult to trace due to the lack of surviving historical sources. Some early works, but scholars complain these old accounts are unobjective, filled with misquotes, and sometimes deliberately manipulated to present a more vivid story.

Credit: Adobe Stock – chrisdorney 

This fact explains why many missing pieces could have shed more light on the ancient history of the King of Penda, the first ruler of Mercia.

In the same way, Aethelflaed, “Iron Lady Of Mercia,” courageously fought for her kingdom, King Penda did all he could for his kingdom.

In the case of King Penda (Peada), one can gain a fair amount of information about the ruler and his sons from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles written in the late 9th century.

Sources for the early history of England are sparse, and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is the primary document most historians examine. “A couple of generations before the unification of all England, the country was divided into several minor or smaller kingdoms who each had their king.  One of the main kingdoms at that time was Mercia.” ¹

Bede (also known as Saint Bede, The Venerable Bede) disliked Penda and considered him an enemy and Pagan. The fact remains it was Penda who laid the foundation for Mercian Supremacy and converted the Kingdom of Mercia into Christianity.

Born around 606, Penda rose to power by defeating Northumbrian king Edwin at the Battle of Hatfield Chase in 633. He conquered his enemies and eventually became the most powerful Anglo-Saxon ruler of the time. Edwin’s eventual successor, Oswald, was nine years later at the Battle of Maserfield.

“King Penda simply fought against the expanding power of the English Kingdom of Northumbria. Penda’s main ally in this struggle was a very powerful British ruler, Cadwallon, king of Gwynedd.” ²

King Penda as portrayed in sculpture at Lichfield Cathedral. Credit: Sjwells53 – CC BY-SA 3.0

“The source of conflict between Mercia and East Anglia was presumably control of the East Midland peoples known … as the Middle Angles.’ It seems as if there may have been rising tension between the East Anglians and the Mercians. The Life of St Foillan records an attack on East Anglia around the year 650, during which a monastery was destroyed. A second attack ‘brought about Anna’s death and was the turning point of Penda’s career, ‘one of the few East Anglian events to make it into the ASC.’53” ³

Anna [or Onna] was king of East Anglia from the early 640s until he died in 653. A.D.

We learn that King Penda hurried to declare Mercia’s independence from a Northumbrian overlordship.

There is contradicting information regarding Penda’s religious views, but many sources say he remained a Pagan throughout his life. However, through his marriage to Cunewise, many children were born, and the whole family was Christian.

The dark image Bede painted of King Penda illustrates him as an evil man “driven to acts of violence purely because he was a pagan. ‘The paganism of Penda was important to the Church … His role in Church Historiography was negative but vital.’ 30 But Penda was not against Christianity per se; Bede tells us that he allowed Christian missionaries to preach in his lands and that his only objection was when Christians scorned to obey the God in whom they believed.” 3

Yet, despite being a Pagan, King Panda introduced Christianity into Middle Anglia.

As explained by Bede, King Penda tolerated the preaching of Christianity in Mercia, despite his own beliefs.

“Nor did King Penda obstruct the preaching of the word among his people, the Mercians, if any were willing to hear it; but, on the contrary, he hated and despised those whom he perceived not to perform the works of faith when they had once received the faith, saying, “They were contemptible and wretched who did not obey their God, in whom they believed.” This was begun two years before the death of King Penda.” ⁴

Though King Penda is credited with introducing Christianity into Mercia, one of his most significant accomplishments was perhaps his opposition to the supremacy of the Northumbrians.

In 655 A.D., during the Battle of the Winwaed, King Penda’s army and the forces of Oswiu of Bernicia encountered each other. Mercia was defeated, and king Penda lost his life. Bede stated the death of King Penda also marked the demise of Anglo-Saxon paganism.

The exact length of King Penda’s reign is still disputed, but most historians agree he ruled for about 30 years.

King Penda was succeeded by his son Peada.

Updated on January 30, 2023

Written by Ellen Lloyd – AncientPages.com

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