The study of physical systems under extreme conditions offers valuable insights into their organization and structure. In nuclear physics, neutron-rich isotopes, especially the light ones with neutron-to-proton ratio significantly different from that of stable nuclei, provide stringent tests of modern nuclear structure theories. These isotopes exist as very short-lived resonances, decaying through spontaneous neutron emission.

Now, in a new study published in Nature, an international collaboration of researchers led by Yosuke Kondo, an ᴀssistant Professor at the Department of Physics at Tokyo Insтιтute of Technology, reports the first observation of two such isotopes—oxygen-28 (²⁸O) and oxygen-27 (²⁷O)—through their decay into oxygen-24 with four and three neutrons, respectively.

The nucleus ²⁸O, which consists of eight protons and 20 neutrons (N), is of significant interest as it is expected to be one of the few ‘doubly magic’ nuclei in the standard shell-model picture of nuclear structure.

The study’s success was enabled by the capabilities of the RIKEN RI Beam Factory, which could produce intense beams of unstable nuclei coupled to an active target of thick liquid hydrogen and multi-neutron detection arrays. Proton-induced nucleon knockout reactions from a high-energy ²⁹F beam generated the neutron-unbound isotopes ²⁷O and ²⁸O. The researchers observed these isotopes and studied their properties by directly detecting their decay products.

They found that both ²⁷O and ²⁸O exist as narrow low-lying resonances and compared their decay energies to the results of sophisticated theoretical models—a large-scale shell model calculation and a newly developed statistical approach—based on effective field theories of quantum chromodynamics. Most theoretical approaches predicted higher energies for both isotopes.

“Specifically, the statistical coupled-cluster calculations suggested that the energies of ²⁷O and ²⁸O can provide valuable constraints for the interactions considered in such ‘ab initio’ approaches,” points out Dr. Kondo.

The researchers also investigated the cross-section for the production of ²⁸O from the ²⁹F beam, finding it to be consistent with ²⁸O not exhibiting a closed N = 20 shell structure. “This result suggests that the ‘island of inversion,’ whereby the energy gap between neutron orbitals weakens or vanishes, extends beyond the fluorine isotopes ²⁸F and ²⁹F into the oxygen isotopes,” explains Dr. Kondo.

The findings enhance our understanding of nuclear structure by offering new insights, especially for extremely neutron-rich nuclei. In addition, the detailed investigation of multi-neutron correlations and the study of other exotic systems now become possible with the multi-neutron-decay spectroscopy technique utilized here.

Reference:

Yosuke Kondo, First observation of ²⁸O, Nature (2023). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06352-6